viii
Contents
4.5
Conclusion
63
References
63
5
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
67
Tanmoy Paul and Nimai C. Saha
5.1
Introduction
67
5.2
Ubiquitous Heavy Metal Contamination – The Global Scenario
68
5.3
Health Hazards from Heavy Metal Pollution
69
5.4
Decontaminating Heavy Metals – The Conventional Strategies
71
5.5
Bioremediation – The Emerging Sustainable Strategy
72
5.5.1
Intervention of Metal Contamination by Microbial Adaptation
72
5.5.1.1
Genetic Circuitry Involved in Microbial Bioremediation
74
5.5.1.2
Different Heavy Metal–Resistant Mechanisms
74
5.5.2
Plant-Assisted Bioremediation (Phytoremediation)
75
5.5.3
Algae-Assisted Bioremediation (Phycoremediation)
77
5.5.4
Fungi-Assisted Bioremediation (Mycoremediation)
77
5.6
Conclusion
78
References
79
6
Bioremediation of Pesticides Containing Soil and Water
83
Veena S. More, Allwin Ebinesar Jacob Samuel Sehar, Anagha P. Sheshadri,
Sangeetha Rajanna, Anantharaju Kurupalya Shivram, Aneesa Fasim,
Archana Rao, Prakruthi Acharya, Sikandar Mulla, and Sunil S. More
6.1
Introduction
83
6.2
Pesticide Biomagnification and Consequences
84
6.3
Ill Effects of Biomagnification
84
6.4
Bioremediation
85
6.5
Methods Used in Bioremediation Process
86
6.5.1
In Situ Method
87
6.5.1.1
Bioaugmentation
87
6.5.1.2
Bioventing
87
6.5.1.3
Biosparging
87
6.5.1.4
Biostimulation
87
6.5.2
Ex Situ Methods
87
6.5.2.1
Composting
87
6.5.2.2
Land farming
88
6.5.2.3
Biopiles
88
6.5.2.4
Bioreactors
88
6.6
Bioremediation Process Using Biological Mediators
88
6.6.1
Bacterial Remediation
88
6.6.2
Fungal Remediation
89
6.6.3
Phytoremediation
89
6.7
Factors Affecting Bioremediation
90
6.7.1
Soil Type and Soil Moisture
90
6.7.2
Oxygen and Nutrients
90